Oliphant Family History

King Henry’s wife, Matilda of Scotland, died in 1118, and three years later he reinforced the connection with his Flemish allies by taking as his second wife Count Eustace’s cousin Adela, daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Bas-Lorraine. Simon de Senlis was also dead (he had succumbed in about 1111, at the outset o a further trip to the Holy Land) and Maud, his widow, took as her second husband the brother-in-law of Count Eustace and King Henry, Malcolm Canmore’s youngest son, David, Earl of Cumbria. In 1124, on the death of his brother Alexander, David ascended the throne of Scotland as David I; so Maud of Lens, like her cousin Matilda of Boulogne, became a British queen.

A complete list of those who traveled north with Maud and her second husband is not quite within our grasp. But it would be broadly true to say that of the Flemish Boulonnais so protectingly established in the East Midlands, the exceptional families would would be those who did not send a son or a brother to accompany their Lady to her new home in Scotland. The intention, however David may have sweetened it with offers of land, was again protective.

We know that these people took with them the devices they had already brought in 1066 from the comtes of Flanders; and more than that, we can see with an astonishing clarity exactly how they used them. One, at least, of the emblems was already there. Seier de Lens, the young nephew of Count Eustace II who so mysteriously disappeared after the Dover raid of 1067, had been in Scotland since perhaps that date, as Seier de Seton, living in the fortress he had built himself on the Firth of Forth which would later be known as Seton Palace. Walter, his son and heir – Walter the Fleming – succeeded him there, as he did at Odell Castle, Bedfordshire; and there can be no doubt at all that his personal heraldic emblem, the triple crescents, gules and a field or, of a second son of the count of Boulogne, flew over both places.

Descendants of Seier’s younger son, Hugh, as well as those of his younger brother, Walter, also used the triple crescents; but being now outside the continental constraint of territorial tinctures, they each changed the colours. Hugh and his family wore the three red crescents on a silver field – a device which, incidentally, flew from the masts of the Boulogne navy in their home port of Huughescluis (so perhaps Hugh was their High Admiral). Old Walter’s grandson, Walter de Preston, took the black and gold colours of Flanders, and both crescents and tinctures survive in the arms of his descendant, the premier viscount of Ireland, Viscount Gormanston. Some of Hugh’s heirs acquired the surname of Legh (or Lea), and took the crescents with them when they moved into Cheshire; here the tinctures moved away from the old tradition into azure and sable.

A better known junior holder of the crescents was David, grandson of Roger of Lilford, on the river Nene. Walter the Fleming was the Domesday lord at Lilford, and Roger must have been either Walter’s son or Hugh’s. The family’s surname here gradually changed from Holy Ford, Lilford, Olifard to Oliphant. Young David Oliphant acquired his Christian name from his godfather, the king of Scotland; and perhaps the tithe of the mill at Crailing, Roxburghshire, which that monarch bestowed on him was in the nature of a christening gift.

The father of David was probably born in the Mearns, where he held lands and lived.  Through the Oliphant Clan's position as hereditary Sheriff of the Mearns and, their resultant relationship with Scotland's royal family, who were placed nearby in the palace of Kincardine, he was probably part of the entourage who went down to Northamptonshire with the future King (David I) when the latter married into lands in Huntingdon.  In keeping with feudal practice, Oliphant was granted land nearby at Lilford, to keep a loyal watch over his royal master's interests.  At Lilford, he had three sons, William, Thomas and David (which last David I of Scotland stood godfather to and who gave him his name.) 

Before his death, Henry I made the English lords and barons pledge to accept his daughter Matilda, as their queen.  They all did so, including David Olifard and David I of Scotland, who as well as being the King of Scotland, was the Earl of Huntingdon and was thereby bound by the feudal system to the English monarch.  After Henry's death, the English lords set Matilda aside and placed Stephen, her cousin, on the throne.  David I, in devotion to both his word and his niece Matilda, marched with a large army into England to place Matilda back on the throne.  He lost the battle of the Standard, but continued on, helping Matilda's cause at every available opportunity, even going to Rome to enlist Papal support.  However, once the tide again turned against Matilda, David was forced to flee to Winchester Palace.  At Winchester, David Olifard was a party to the siege of the Palace (acting under his oath of fealty to the English sovereign Stephen.)  David Olifard, on seeing his godfather David I losing and in mortal peril, changing sides and threw in his lot with his original liege-lord and provided a disguise for David I, enabling them both to escape back to Scotland together. This act may have been founded, along with his loyalty to the Scottish monarch, on his assumption that, as a recent addition from Scotland to the power struggles in England amongst Norman knights, he would not have survived long in Northamptonshire anyway.

In reward for this life saving service to Scotland's greatest king, David Olifard was made Justicary of the Lothians (and thereby third in rank in Scotland after the King's brother, who was Justicary of the Highlands). David Olifard received Smailholm and Crailing Castles in present day Roxburghshire.  Crailing was aquired possibly through marriage to a daughter of Berengaria Engain who was the previous owner and who lived in Northamptonshire.  In addition he was given the barony of Bothwell.  From this powerful position which he held descended the Clan Oliphant.

The Olifard name was transformed into Olifart, then Olifaunt, and finally Oliphant, being the then French name for the great beasts encountered on the Crusades.  The name was associated with these powerful creatures (further by their being incorporated as supporters in the chiefly Oliphant arms,) which may be the reason that the powerful family of Olifard took it on (the name is sometimes still used in Scotland as a forename denoting "great strength").
(For more information (including sources) on the early origin of the Oliphant Clan, see the treatise entitled "Norman Herring".)

The armorial bearings, or shield, of the Clan Oliphant are three crescents, argent on a field, gules. Crest, on an open-barred helm in profile and wreath, argent and gules, a unicorn's head and mantling gules, lining ermine. Motto, over the ahcievement, "A tout pouvoir," or "Provide for all."

The progenitor of the House of Oliphant then, was David Holifard who in the 12th century was granted lands in Roxburghshire by the Earl of Huntingdon, later to become David I of Scotland. David Holifard was David I's godson and was even named after him.  A descendant of the above David was Sir William Oliphant who played an important role in the struggle for Scottish independance. He defended Stirling Castle against Edward I during the wars and in 1320, after being set free, signed the Declaration of Arbroath, a letter from Scottish barons to maintain Scottish independance and support Robert I.

His son Sir Walter Oliphant of Aberdalgy married the Princess Elizabeth youngest daughter of Robert the Bruce as appears by a charter of David II erecting the lands of Gask in Perthshire. His descendant Sir Lawrence Oliphant of Aberdalgy was the first Lord Oliphant. He had three sons, John the 2nd Lord Oliphant, William from whom descended the Oliphants of Gask and George who was styled of Bachilton.

The heir was killed at Flodden in 1523 and the 3rd Lord Oliphant was taken prisoner at Solway Moss in 1542 and ransomed. The 4th Lord Oliphant was a loyal supporter of Queen Mary of Scots and was one of those who acquitted Bothwell of the murder of Darnley and later signed the bond for Bothwells marriage with the Queen. He also fought at her final defeat at the Battle of Langside in 1568.

The heir was involved in the Raid of Ruthven in 1582 when James VI was kidnapped. He was banished and never seen again. His son succeeded and dissipated the entire estates barring Gask, which was already in the hands of a cadet branch.

The title was not passed onto his daughter, but decided by Charles I to go to a cousin, Patrick. The Oliphants of Gask the cadet branch continued the line and were noted for their strong Jacobite sentiments. They were "out" in 1715 and in 1745 when the house was routed by English troops after Culloden. After the defeat at Culloden, Lord Oliphant fled to Sweden and later took refuge in France.